R&D Spending per Capita (PPP)

Annual research and development expenditure per person. Calculated from UNESCO R&D spending as % of GDP (GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS), multiplied by World Bank PPP-constant GDP (NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.KD, 2021 international dollars), divided by UN population (SP.POP.TOTL). Uses PPP constant 2021 USD per OECD Frascati Manual convention. Purchasing power parity accounts for the real cost of researchers across countries, enabling internationally comparable figures. All three indicators aligned by year.